Resources

A chart of the Rashidun Caliphs and the many other caliphs that followed. 

(Created by Islam Explained)

Early Muslim maps and navigational instruments

(Pictures from internet)

Abu Talib: Abū Ṭālib ابو طالب بن عبد المطلب‎, or 'Abd Manaf عَـبـد مَـنـاف
Fatimah: Fāṭimah al-Zahrāʾ فَاطِمَة ٱلزَّهْرَاء
Hagar: هَاجَر‎; Hājār
Ishmael: إسماعيل‎; Ismā'īl
Khadijah: Khadijah bint Khuwaylid خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد
Muhammad's grandfather: عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب شَيْبَة ٱبْن هَاشِم; Abd al-Muttalib Shaybah ibn Hashim

The names of important figures in Islam in Arabic